home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- <text id=91TT0077>
- <title>
- Jan. 14, 1991: Bang! A Big Theory May Be Shot
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1991
- Jan. 14, 1991 Breast Cancer
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- SCIENCE, Page 63
- Bang! A Big Theory May Be Shot
- </hdr><body>
- <p>A new study of the stars could rewrite the history of the
- universe
- </p>
- <p> Astronomers trying to piece together the universe's past
- have two major pieces of evidence with which to work. The first
- is that the whole thing began with a Big Bang, an explosion of
- unimaginable heat and power, between 10 billion and 20 billion
- years ago. The second is that the modern-day cosmos is made up
- of galaxies. Gravity presumably played a role in the process,
- but the details are unknown.
- </p>
- <p> For the past decade or so, the best scientific guess about
- the evolution of the universe has been the cold-dark-matter
- (CDM) theory, which holds that an exotic, unseen form of matter
- helped create the galaxies. But a new study of the universe's
- structure, reported in last week's issue of Nature, puts that
- hypothesis in deep trouble.
- </p>
- <p> Scientists have long known that some kind of dark matter
- exists. One clue is that many galaxies spin so fast that they
- should fly apart; the gravity from some unseen extra matter
- must be holding them together. Studies indicate this material
- surrounds the Milky Way galaxy in a roughly spherical halo. In
- regions of the universe where galaxies are clustered, dark
- matter seems to pervade the space within the clusters.
- Calculations suggest there is about 10 times as much dark as
- visible matter. That means that the gravitational pull of dark
- matter is 10 times as strong. Thus, it must have played an
- important role in the formation of the universe.
- </p>
- <p> In recent years scientists decided that dark matter is
- probably made of "cold" (in astronomical jargon, that means
- slow-moving) subatomic particles. According to theorists, dark
- matter would have formed sooner after the Big Bang than
- ordinary matter did. The dark matter would have created pockets
- of high density whose gravity would then have pulled in the
- later-forming ordinary matter. These pockets would eventually
- grow into galaxies, and many of the galaxies would drift
- together into clusters--just the state of the universe today.
- </p>
- <p> But the Nature report may have delivered a fatal blow to the
- theory. British and Canadian astrophysicists, reanalyzing data
- taken in 1983 by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite, found
- that superclusters of thousands of galaxies, interrupted by
- voids some 200 million light-years across, are common in the
- visible universe. Scientists do not believe the force of cold
- dark matter alone could have worked fast enough to create
- structures so large. Even 20 billion years is not enough time
- for thousands of galaxies to have clumped together in the way
- the theory says.
- </p>
- <p> For the CDM hypothesis to survive this crisis would take
- such complicated physics that the cosmos would have to operate
- like a Rube Goldberg machine. For the most part, though, nature
- follows simple rules. So while cold dark matter may exist,
- astronomers are beginning to search elsewhere to solve the
- mystery of how the galaxies were born.
- </p>
- <p>By Michael D. Lemonick.
- </p>
-
- </body></article>
- </text>
-
-